By the Numbers
Higher loan limits will lower the convexity of TBA
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The value of TBA contracts should fall next year as larger loans start to make their way into MBS pools eligible for TBA delivery. The conforming loan limit will jump by 18% in 2022 to $647,200, an increase of nearly $100,000 from the current limit. This is the largest absolute increase on record and only the second double-digit percentage increase since the 1980s. TBA contracts could eventually lose between 3.5/32s and 7/32s of value, depending on the coupon, as TBA reprices to a rising share of the market in larger loans. Specified pool pay-ups should increase by similar amounts, of course. But higher pay-ups could allow originators to create new specified pool types, such as pools that contain loans no larger than $275,000.
After the limit increases in January, the larger loans will mostly come to market in multi- and single-issuer pools. Single-issuer pools can have an outsized impact on TBA pricing if there are enough of them and if they have distinct characteristics. Of pools that typically trade outside of the specified pool market, the supply of single-issuer paper has dropped over the last few years (Exhibit 1). In 2018, 70.8% of balances outside of specified pools came to market in multiple-issuer pools and 29.2% in single-issuer. In 2021, that share grew to 87.3% in multi-issuer and 12.7% in single-issuer. The shift from bank to non-bank origination played a large role, as many non-banks preferred the liquidity and certainty of execution offered by the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac cash window.
The share of single-issuer pools with average loan sizes larger than the multi-issuer pools has also fallen, from 18.9% in 2018 to 8.0% in 2021. The table shows the average loan size for multiple issuer pools and the average loan size of only the pools with larger loan sizes. The difference was roughly $20,000 in 2021 ($389,000 − $369,759). These pools are likely some of the most negatively convex pools issued each month.
Exhibit 1. TBA pool balances typically increase by roughly 50% of the conforming limit increase
Population includes all non-specified pools. Multi pools include cash window and Major/swap pools. WALS is weighted average loan size. Higher balance pools are pools issued with a weighted average loan size greater than the multi pool weighted average loan size issued with the same coupon that month. The final column compares the increase in average loan size to the increase in conforming limit.
Source: Fannie Mae, eMBS, Amherst Pierpont Securities
The final column in the table shows how much the average loan size of the higher loan size pools increased each year as a percentage of the increase in the conforming limit. For example, the conforming limit increased from $510,400 in 2020 to $548,250 in 2021. The average loan size increased from $369,901 to $389,000, which was 50.5% of the increase in the conforming limit. Assuming the same pattern holds in 2022, these pools’ average loan size should grow by roughly $50,000. The multiple issuer pools’ average loan size should grow similarly.
Over time the TBA contract should reflect higher loan sizes and greater negative convexity and drop in value (Exhibit 2). The amount was estimated by choosing three multiple issuer pools issued this year that have seasoned to 7 WALA. These pools are used to proxy the TBA. The pools were first run through Yield Book at the TBA price with the loan size increased by $20,000 to account for the loan sizes of the most negatively convex pools. The pools were run a second time, using the OAS from the first run to calculate a price, but increasing the loan size an additional $50,000 to account for the effect of the loan limit increase. This shows that the pools price should drop from 3.5/32s to 7/32s, depending on the coupon.
Exhibit 2. Increasing average loan size by $50,000 lowers TBA prices up to 7/32s
Source: Yield Book, Amherst Pierpont Securities
The drop in TBA value should manifest in higher pay-ups for all categories of specified pools. In other words, the specified pools maintain their intrinsic value while TBA drops. Originators are likely to find it attractive to start pooling some new pool types, such as pools with loans up to $275,000 or maybe even $300,000. In Ginnie Mae it should become easier for originators to make 100% FHA pools, especially since the multiple pools tend to have large VA concentrations.
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